In 1987, twenty million Italians voted a referendum against nucleare.Si face another referendum to hear the views of italiani.Se Italians will vote in favor, then you can do, otherwise not.
SUN WIND AND SEA WE FUCK THE NUCLEAR. Vote yes on 12 June to stop the nuclear!
Construction of the Fukushima nuclear
power plants
The plants at Fukushima are Boiling Water Reactors (BWR for short). A BWR produces electricity by boiling water, and spinning a a turbine with that steam. The nuclear fuel heats water, the water boils and creates steam, the steam then drives turbines that create the electricity, and the steam is then cooled and condensed back to water, and the water returns to be heated by the nuclear fuel. The reactor operates at about 285 °C.
The nuclear fuel is uranium oxide. Uranium oxide is a ceramic with a very high melting point of about 2800 °C. The fuel is manufactured in pellets (cylinders that are about 1 cm tall and 1 com in diameter). These pellets are then put into a long tube made of Zircaloy (an alloy of zirconium) with a failure temperature of 1200 °C (caused by the auto-catalytic oxidation of water), and sealed tight. This tube is called a fuel rod. These fuel rods are then put together to form assemblies, of which several hundred make up the reactor core. The solid fuel pellet (a ceramic oxide matrix) is the first barrier that retains many of the radioactive fission products produced by the fission process. The Zircaloy casing is the second barrier to release that separates the radioactive fuel from the rest of the reactor.
The core is then placed in the pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is a thick steel vessel that operates at a pressure of about 7 MPa (~1000 psi), and is designed to withstand the high pressures that may occur during an accident. The pressure vessel is the third barrier to radioactive material release.
The entire primary loop of the nuclear reactor – the pressure vessel, pipes, and pumps that contain the coolant (water) – are housed in the containment structure. This structure is the fourth barrier to radioactive material release. The containment structure is a hermetically (air tight) sealed, very thick structure made of steel and concrete. This structure is designed, built and tested for one single purpose: To contain, indefinitely, a complete core meltdown. To aid in this purpose, a large, thick concrete structure is poured around the containment structure and is referred to as the secondary containment.
Both the main containment structure and the secondary containment structure are housed in the reactor building. The reactor building is an outer shell that is supposed to keep the weather out, but nothing in. (this is the part that was damaged in the explosions, but more to that later).
Fundamentals of nuclear reactions
The uranium fuel generates heat by neutron-induced nuclear fission. Uranium atoms are split into lighter atoms (aka fission products). This process generates heat and more neutrons (one of the particles that forms an atom). When one of these neutrons hits another uranium atom, that atom can split, generating more neutrons and so on. That is called the nuclear chain reaction. During normal, full-power operation, the neutron population in a core is stable (remains the same) and the reactor is in a critical state.
It is worth mentioning at this point that the nuclear fuel in a reactor can never cause a nuclear explosion like a nuclear bomb. At Chernobyl, the explosion was caused by excessive pressure buildup, hydrogen explosion and rupture of all structures, propelling molten core material into the environment. Note that Chernobyl did not have a containment structure as a barrier to the environment. Why that did not and will not happen in Japan, is discussed further below.
In order to control the nuclear chain reaction, the reactor operators use control rods. The control rods are made of boron which absorbs neutrons. During normal operation in a BWR, the control rods are used to maintain the chain reaction at a critical state. The control rods are also used to shut the reactor down from 100% power to about 7% power (residual or decay heat).
The residual heat is caused from the radioactive decay of fission products. Radioactive decay is the process by which the fission products stabilize themselves by emitting energy in the form of small particles (alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, etc.). There is a multitude of fission products that are produced in a reactor, including cesium and iodine. This residual heat decreases over time after the reactor is shutdown, and must be removed by cooling systems to prevent the fuel rod from overheating and failing as a barrier to radioactive release. Maintaining enough cooling to remove the decay heat in the reactor is the main challenge in the affected reactors in Japan right now.
It is important to note that many of these fission products decay (produce heat) extremely quickly, and become harmless by the time you spell "radionuclides." Others decay more slowly, Like Some Cesium, iodine, strontium, and argon.
Germany has chosen "We rely on sun and wind"
In 2050 80% of ' German energy will come from wind and photovoltaics. The reactors employ 30 thousand people, the green economy occupies 340 000
ANDREA TARQUINI
BERLIN - You see them popping up everywhere, when you travel on the highway from the capital to Monaco and Hanover and the South or West: with their soft hum of the large wind turbine blades just break the silence of the countryside German. Or anywhere on the houses of the rich Bavarian or the prefabricated blocks of flats in West Berlin to the Soviet Union that he inherited from communism, see the solar panels. Renewable energy flies in Germany. Not only on the Stock Exchange, where the titles in the last hours of SolarWorld, Q-Cells, Nordex and Siemens of clean energy industry recorded jumps from 20 to 40 percent. Do you see around every corner, has become a constitutive factor of daily life. Germany conservative Angela Merkel, who says "when in doubt, we are for the safety stop for at least three months and seven of its 16 reactors, is also the economic power more than any other is to think and plan strategically launched the new world of 'energy.
How can we remain competitive and prosperous after the atom, after oil. Meanwhile, energy efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of the country-took off, while those of many states voted atom, France in the lead, began to take not more than the head of the German global player in the great game of world markets.
"The environmental policy is the policy of the future, also for the economy, "said Environment Minister Norbert Roettgen, Democrat as Chancellor. Official figures of his ministry,
that neither the companies nor deny the Greens speak clear: the efficient use of raw materials in the German economy grew by 46.8% between 1994 and 2009, ie in the same period in which gross domestic product grew by 18.4%. The system costs Economic Germany fell by EUR 100 billion. Just as, in parallel, the percentage of energy produced by nuclear power fell from 27.3% in 1991 to a figure around 20% (up to the closure of seven reactors decided yesterday), and that of renewable flew in the same period from 3.2 to 17%. And only from 2004 to 2009 has doubled.
"The shutdown of the seven power stations, agreed by the government, should not produce shocks either for the economy, either for consumers or high-bill problems or production of electricity," said Aribert Peters, 's Union of Energy Consumers: after the turn of the nuclear Merkel in his bet on the markets at stable prices. Perhaps they have their reasons, do not expect environmental activists want to wildflower meadows or the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. For Germany the system, explains Dietmar Edler and Marlene O'Sullivan in a report for DIW economic institute, renewables and alternatives have become a bargain. As with BMW and Mercedes, with Airbus and the Eurofighter, made even here in Germany is the best on the market.
From 2007 to 2009, investments in renewable energy from 11.4 to 20.4 billion euro. The turnover of the sector, including export, is about 21 billion €, and then in three years has grown by nearly 40%. Even through the 2009 economic crisis and financial markets. Public funds and tax breaks to help growth. A production of electricity at 100% reliable sources is possible by 2050, says the Ministry of Roettgen, and the Government has set itself the target of 80%. "The majority of the center should do more and more difficult to close plants before elections," notes Baerbel Hohn, one of the most listened to leaders of the Greens. But barely concealed satisfaction as the center and the establishment are doing their constituent values \u200b\u200bof the environmental movement. Cross-party consensus was not declared, on behalf of the figures: while the German nuclear reactors employ, according to Gruenen, about 30 thousand people employed in the renewables sector have increased by about 340 thousand 277mila 2007 to present. Continue to grow long before the industry becomes saturated as auto or steel industry. "Farewell to nuclear may be a long process, we discuss openly if it takes ten or twenty years or how many, but it is possible, "he thinks the leaders of the European Greens, Daniel Cohn-Bendit.
(March 16, 2011)
Here is the list (secret) government of the 45 nuclear sites in Italy
14 Tues
