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The teeth are highly specialized structures, use of animals as weapons to defend and attack, and to obtain, grind and chew food. Each tooth is divided into three parts: the crown is the visible portion that protrudes from the gum, the neck is slightly narrower that area at the gum and the root is that which is usually anchored to the jaw.



Margo B. Maloney, DVM

The arrangement of the teeth is the two dental arches: the upper jaw and the lower. Many teeth are arranged on the lower jaw in a way that allows them to meet, or overlap with the teeth in the lean side. The function of this non-occlusion or occlusion imperfect is to benefit the plug, drilling or cutting of food or enemies. In dogs, the food is chewed rather than swallowed, and do not need a perfectly voiced.

The tooth surface facing the lip or cheek is called the buccal surface, previously called the buccal surface. The surface facing the tongue is called the lingual surface. One facing the adjacent teeth is the contact area. The surface faces the opposite teeth of the arch is called the masticatory or occlusal surface.

The incisors are the six small teeth located at the center of each dental arch. Next to these are the canine teeth or fangs. " All the seats behind the canine teeth are referred to as cheek teeth. In the permanent dentition, there are 4 premolars on each side of both jaws. The fourth upper premolar is the largest of the jaw. It is sometimes referred to as feral or tooth carnassiale (along with the lower first molar). Finally, the molars are the large sharp teeth at the rear of the mouth.

When we examine the dentition of a dog, we must ensure free mouth, lips and tissues of the cheek, or we may calculate and assess your teeth hurt. We must ensure that the dog is nervous, and that the setting of their teeth is not abnormal because of the tension. We must try to reassure the dog that "soften" the jaw by relaxing the position of the head and neck. The position, number and shape of teeth (deciduous and permanent), the structure of the jaws or lips, tongue, etc.. are all influenced by genetics.

In assessing the canine teeth, we must observe the relationship between the teeth and jaw. The serious breeders are careful al'intera teeth, not only the incisors. E ' simple enough to count the teeth and to evaluate the closure of the incisors, but only when we look at the big picture we can see how genetics affect the teeth. Farmers must know the number of teeth, the type of closure or the relationship of the incisors and the relationship of the canines, premolars, molars and the curvature of the jaw. In the case of genetic inconsistencies, should be taken into account in their breeding programs. An excellent source of reference in this regard is the publication of 1992 entitled "Veterinary Dental Techniques" Chartered Holstrom, Frost, and Gammon. This book was released by WB Saunders Company, and explains how different types of occlusions can be understood and controlled, from an estimate of genetic inheritance. Here is a method of valuation explained step-by-step, which appeared in that publication:


STEP 1: Observe the symmetry of the head, face and teeth.

STEP 2: Count the number of teeth. The teeth are divided into four quadrants: an upper left and a right upper and lower left and lower right. In the top left there are 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars and 2 molars (upper left quadrant). The same applies to the upper teeth on the right (upper right quadrant). In the bottom left corner there are 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars and molars 3 (quadrant lower left). Again, the bottom right is made up of the same teeth (lower right quadrant). The total number of teeth in an adult dog should be 42.

STEP 3: Evaluate the incisors. The normal incisal occlusion presents a large peak (a pointed or rounded protuberance that divides the occlusal surface of a tooth) of the lower incisors, occluded near the track (the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth, the term refers to the lingual surface of the tooth facing the tongue) on the lingual side of the upper incisors. The major peaks of the central incisors should be centered with each other. The second and third incisors lose their orientation and the large cusp the third incisor interproximal space should address (ie the space between adjacent teeth) between the second and third maxillary incisors ("jaw" refers to the upper jaw). All teeth should be aligned in a curved line with no rotation. For rotation means an incorrect position of the mandibular bone implanted tooth. The axis of the tooth should be parallel to the jaw.

STEP 4: Observe the relationship of the canines. The mandibular canine or fang should occlude buccal direction (towards the cheek) with the gums and jaw should divide the space between the maxillary canines and third incisors. This is one of the most reliable parameters in the assessment of the mouth.

STEP 5: Observe the relationship of the premolars. The large peak on the fourth lower premolar should divide the space between the third and fourth upper premolar.

STEP 6: Follow the occlusal plane of the two arches. The occlusal surface is toward the chewing surface of the opposite dental arch. The premolars should interdigitated perfectly from the second premolar to the cusp of the fourth upper premolars, with the overlap of the cusps. The molars should occlude allowing the cusp of being functional grinding. The premolars and molars should be aligned on a slightly curved line with no rotation.

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When we speak of "aggressive dogs" is not immediately think of the German shepherd, but rather pitbull or rottweiler. Instead this time it was just a dog of that breed "Commissioner Rex" to bite and disfigure a child of 10 years in San Giuliano Milanese.

Vanessa Little, of Paulerspury, was with his parents at the home of family friends in the late afternoon of yesterday, in Gogol 6. The apartment is on the ground floor and has a small garden. The dog was right there, tied up, but not muzzled. "We have a dog for fear of theft," said the master.

While no one was looking at the baby has probably tried to embrace Sheila, a female German shepherd and two years was a moment the dog got scared and attacked the child.

Rescuers were timely: Vanessa was transported to the emergency room of the Niguarda Hospital by helicopter and the doctors have undergone a delicate plastic surgery to rebuild a part of the upper lip that has been ripped from the bite. Even if the general conditions are not serious signs of aggression will remain forever.

of aggressive dogs is often mentioned, but only during a serious matter like this: the Minister Sirchia had issued an order about listing the dangerous breeds, but just earlier this month to Health Undersecretary Francesca Martini had proposed to eliminate the so-called "Black list" because "even a poodle can bite if pushed to do so. There are no potentially dangerous dogs at birth but dog owners unable to raise them as they should and want to turn them into aggressive animals."

short: on the one hand animal lovers that defend the dogs sword is accusing the owners "incapable" as the commentary that appeared in Eujenyo Dogsitter

Evidently these ministers have never had a dog, then they can not say that there are dangerous breeds of dogs, because the only dangerous breed and the human race, if the dogs bite, they bite for a reason right that's for sure. If a dog devouring its master, it means that there is a past mistreatment varied, and you can not then go to remove the dog because he has killed, does not seem right, then why not put the death penalty for man? If he kills a man goes to jail, do you 5 years and then leaves for good behavior? Crazy things! If a dog bites, does not mean it will bite again if it is treated as I treat them the dogs (like children), dogs do not bite if they have no reason ever! With regard to dangerous breeds, because the German Shepherd is not considered such? If bites tickles? The dogs are all the same, there are dogs stronger and less strong, is up to us to learn to live with their fellow humans and how? without giving him much love and keep them attached to chain under the sun without water and food etc. ...!! Cancel this list of dangerous dogs, which is useless, or at least make a list where there is only a dangerous race, the HUMAN RACE!

While there are those who say that certain breeds of dogs are potentially dangerous and should be "kept an eye on" judging by the draft bill submitted by Senator Andrea the PDL flutter (which bans the breeding and sale of dog breeds aggressive and forces those who already own these animals to sterilize them, because, obviously, "educate" the masters is impossible)

"Often these people cafona. How many times that after an animal has bitten or killed someone, masters say: 'But he was a puppy'. Tell that to the relatives that it was harmless. The truth is that the races of black-list are selected by humans to be aggressive "

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Israel wants to waste

waste in Campania? Israel wants them. Hidit El-Hassid, director of Hiriya, the largest landfill a few miles from Tel Aviv until 1999 that the rubbish collected over two millions of tourists and people, has launched its proposal. "Give us hand in Naples and we put in place," he told La Stampa Ori Boulogne, co-founder of the Arrow, one of the companies Hiriya, head of the city of Tel Aviv.
smalitmento The process of the waste in the Arrow project is very simple: goodbye collection. "He has done his time, too divided to become a shared culture," said the same Boulogne.
Here's how the idea of \u200b\u200bIsrael. All the garbage is thrown into the water and while the light remains afloat, the heavy goes to the bottom, where special magnets separate the metal from the rest. The bags are sucked by a fan. All with a 1.5-megawatt turbine that draws energy from the methane produced.
Once differentiated, the garbage is shipped in various workshops for plastic, wood metal to glass to be reused. Not all, but in good part. The rest is buried. And now
Arrow Ecology & Engineering Overseas Ltd dreams Naples. A proposal was made, but the deal still seems long.